Peptide Library / Detail
Exenatide
Half-life
2.4 hours (immediate-release); approximately 2 weeks (extended-release)
Delivery
Subcutaneous injection
Dosage
—
Research Use Only
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Description
Exenatide is a synthetic version of exendin-4, a peptide originally found in Gila monster saliva, that mimics the action of human GLP-1. It works by activating GLP-1 receptors to regulate blood sugar levels, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite. While primarily used for type 2 diabetes management, emerging research explores its potential neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cardioprotective properties.
Usage
Typically administered as subcutaneous injection in two formulations: immediate-release (5-10 mcg twice daily) or extended-release (2 mg once weekly). Research protocols vary by indication, with neurological studies often using weekly dosing. Should be injected before meals for immediate-release formulations. Dosing adjustments may be needed based on tolerability and therapeutic response.
Mechanism of Action
Exenatide binds to and activates GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion while suppressing inappropriate glucagon release. It also slows gastric emptying, reduces appetite through central nervous system pathways, and has been shown to enhance endogenous GLP-1 secretory response in patients on basal insulin. Beyond metabolic effects, it demonstrates neuroprotective properties through the SIRT1 pathway and may offer cardioprotective benefits against doxorubicin-induced toxicity.
Benefits(7)
- Improved glycemic control and HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes
- Significant weight loss through appetite suppression and delayed gastric emptying
- Potential neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment
- Enhanced endogenous GLP-1 secretion when combined with basal insulin therapy
- Cardioprotective properties against chemotherapy-induced cardiac damage
- Possible cognitive improvements in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
- Dual benefits for metabolic health and depression symptoms
Side Effects(7)
- Nausea and vomiting, especially during initial treatment phases
- Gastrointestinal disturbances including diarrhea and constipation
- Hypoglycemia risk when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas
- Injection site reactions and discomfort
- Decreased appetite and potential nutritional concerns
- Pancreatitis risk (rare but serious)
- Potential thyroid concerns requiring monitoring